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Sacred Twenty
The Sacred Twenty were a group of exclusively female nurses who, during World War I, were the first female members to ever formally serve in the United States Navy representing the Nurse Corps. Officially formed in 1908, the Sacred Twenty made broad contributions during wartime, not only including training of field nurses and disease treatment, but also providing education programs for nurses abroad and professional publications to the field of nursing.
==History==
Shortly after the formation of the Army Nurse Corps in 1901, the Navy's Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BUMED) campaigned to create a similar organization for itself. Congress officially permitted the creation of the organization on 13 May 1908, where twenty women were selected as the first members. The women were required to be between the ages of 22 and 44, to be citizens of the United States, and also could not be married. They were initially headed by Esther Voorhees Hasson, a former member of the Army Nurse Corps, who was appointed as superintendent. Hasson and the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery collaboratively selected the other 19 nurses, who were chosen from various nursing schools and had training across a broad range of nursing skills.
The Sacred Twenty were assigned to the U.S. Naval Hospital in Washington, D.C for initial training and were subsequently assigned to hospitals in Washington, New York, Norfolk, and Annapolis for supervised duty. Assignments were later expanded to many other cities including Philadelphia and Puget Sound. Overseas, U.S. naval hospitals were built in Guam, Samoa, and The Philippines where some of the Sacred Twenty served.
The navy did not provide room or board for them, and so the nurses rented their own accommodations and provided their own meals. In 1910, Superintendent Hasson noted the dwindling applications from qualified candidates to the Nurse Corps, and subsequently pushed for initiatives such as better pay and reducing the cost of applications by foregoing an in-person interview and replacing it with a written essay requirement. Initially, hospital administration was wary about the idea of introducing female nurses into settings without female patients because they believed they may serve to distract male patients. Consequently, existing male nurses, who had not received sufficient training, performed most of the nursing tasks.〔 Some years after the Sacred Twenty's formation in 1908, however, female nurses began to champion this role in the Hospital Corps, even abroad.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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